바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Socioeconomic Status: A Review of Its Role in Moral Judgments and Punitive Judgments

Abstract

Are non-normative behaviors or illegal acts perceived and judged differently depending on the actor’s or the perceiver’s socioeconomic status (SES)? The goals of this article are to review past research on the role of SES in moral judgments and punitive judgments and to suggest directions for future research. Specifically, it is first reviewed how socioeconomic status has been conceptualized and measured in the field of psychology. Then, past research on the effect of SES on moral judgments and its potential mechanisms is reviewed. Past work on how and why punitive judgments vary depending on both the perpetrator’s and the juror’s SES is also reviewed. Finally, suggestions for future research are made and implications that this line of research has in the Korean society are discussed.

keywords
사회경제적 지위, 사회계층, 도덕판단, 처벌판단, 비규범적 행위, 위법행위, socioeconomic status, social class, moral judgment, punitive judgment, non-normative behavior, illegal act

Reference

1.

박희찬, 김혜숙 (2010). 범죄자에 대한 고정관념과 처벌 관련 판단. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24, 27-49.

2.

오호택 (2011). 법원 이야기. 살림출판사.

3.

최승혁, 김범준, 김시업 (2009). 화이트칼라 범죄에 대한 처벌철학과 양형판단. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23, 1-17.

4.

최승혁, 허태균 (2011). 공정한 사회를 위한 형사처벌: 공정세상 믿음 및 기대의 상호작용. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25, 113-125.

5.

최승혁, 허태균 (2012). 잘난 사람의 범죄는?:처벌판단에서 사회경제적 지위의 역할과그 심리기제. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26, 127-140.

6.

하사랑, 김범준, 김민지 (2013). 공인의 개념과위법행위에 대한 처벌과 용서. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 27, 67-84.

7.

Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning:Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586-592.

8.

Bornstein, B. H., & Rajki, M. (1994). Extra-legal factors and product liability: The influence of mock jurors’ demographic characteristics and intuitions about the cause of an injury. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12, 127-147.

9.

Bowman, N. A., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2009). Social class differences in self, attribution, and attention: Socially expansive individualism of middle-class Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 880-893.

10.

Cohen, A. B. (2009). Many forms of culture. American Psychologist, 64, 194-204.

11.

Cote, S., Piff, P. K., & Willer, R. (2013). For whom do the ends justify the means? Social class and utilitarian moral judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 490-503.

12.

Devine, D. J., & Caughlin, D. E. (2014). Do they matter? A meta-analytic investigation of individual characteristics and guilt judgments. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20, 109-134.

13.

Espinoza, R. K. E. (2009). Juror bias and the death penalty: Deleterious effects of ethnicity, SES and case circumstances. The American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, Fall, 33-41.

14.

Fiske, S. T. (2010). Interpersonal stratification:Status, power, and subordination. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 941-982). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &Sons.

15.

Freeman, N. J. (2006). Socioeconomic status and belief in a just world: Sentencing of criminal defendants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2379-2394.

16.

Gleason, J. M., & Harris, V. A. (1975). Race, socioeconomic status, and perceived similarity as determinants of judgments by simulated jurors. Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 175-180.

17.

Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-628.

18.

Kohn, M. L., & Slomczynski, K. M. (1990). Social structure and self-direction: A comparative analysis of the United States and Poland. Oxford, UK:Blackwell.

19.

Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2013). Social class rank, essentialism, and punitive judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 247-261.

20.

Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 992-1004.

21.

Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119, 546-572.

22.

Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L. (1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 763-773.

23.

Learner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

24.

Mazzella, R., & Feingold, A. (1994). The effects of physical attractiveness, race, socioeconomic status, and gender of defendants and victims on judgments of mock jurors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1315-1344.

25.

Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, R. H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research:Current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 769-784.

26.

Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Cote, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 771-784.

27.

Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Cote, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 4086-4091.

28.

Schooler, C. (2007). Culture and social structure:The relevance of social structure to cultural psychology. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 370-388). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

29.

Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M., & Park, L. (1997). The “big three” of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity), and the “big three” explanations of suffering. In A. Brandt & P. Rozin (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119-169). New York, NY: Routledge.

30.

Snibbe, A. C., & Markus, H. R. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 703-720.

31.

Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion:Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12, 449-459.

32.

Turiel, E., Killen, M., & Helwig, C. C. (1987). Morality: Its structure, function, and vagaries. In J. Kagan & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 155-243). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

33.

Varnum, M. E. W., Na, J., Murata, A., & Kitayama, S. (2012). Social class differences in N400 indicate differences in spontaneous trait inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 141, 518-526.

34.

Willis Esqueda, C., Espinoza, R. K. E., & Culhane, S. E. (2008). The effects of ethnicity, SES, and crime status on juror decision making. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 181-199.

35.

Zhong, C.-b. (2011). The ethical dangers of deliberative decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56, 1-25.

logo